Publications
, , , & (2022). Upward bipolar lightning flashes originated from the connection of recoil leaders with intracloud lightning. Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2022GL101072. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101072
Saba, M.M.F., A. R. de Paiva, L. C. Concollato, T. A. Warner and C. Schumann (2020), Optical observation of needles in upward lightning flashes. Sci Rep 10, 17460 (2020) doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74597-6
Wang H., A. R. Klekociuk, W. J. R. French, S. P. Alexander and T. A. Warner (2020), Measurements of Cloud Radiative Effect across the Southern Ocean (43° S–79° S, 63° E–158° E), Atmosphere 2020, 11(9), 949; doi: 10.3390/atmos11090949 – 05 Sep 2020
Lyons, W.A., E.C. Bruning, T.A. Warner, D.R. MacGorman, S. Edgington, C. Tillier, and J. Mlynarczyk (2019), Megaflashes: Just How Long Can a Lightning Discharge Get?. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0033.1
Schumann, C., M. M. F. Saba, T. A. Warner, M. A. S. Ferro, J. H. Helsdon Jr., R. Thomas, and R. E. Orville (2019), On the Triggering Mechanisms of Upward Lightning, Nature Sci Rep., 9, 9576 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46122-x
Warner, T. A., M. M. F. Saba, C. Schumann, J. H. Helsdon Jr., and R. E. Orville (2016), Observations of bidirectional lightning leader initiation and development near positive leader channels, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, doi:10.1002/2016JD025365.
Saba, M. M. F., C. Schumann, T. A. Warner, M. A. S. Ferro, A. R. de Paiva, J. Helsdon Jr, and R. E. Orville (2016), Upward lightning flashes characteristics from high-speed videos, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, doi:10.1002/2016JD025137.
Warner, T. A., T. J. Lang, and W. A. Lyons (2014), Synoptic scale outbreak of self-initiated upward lightning (SIUL) from tall structures during the central U.S. blizzard of 1–2 February 2011, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, doi:10.1002/2014JD021691.
Saba, M. M. F., C. Schumann, T. A. Warner, J. H. Helsdon, R. E. Orville (2014), High-speed video and electric field observation of a negative upward leader connecting a downward positive leader in a positive cloud-to-ground flash, Electric Power Systems Research, 118, 89-92, doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2014.06.002.
Marshall, T., W. Schulz, N. Karunarathna, S. Karunarathne, M. Stolzenburg, C. Vergeiner, and T. Warner (2014), On the percentage of lightning flashes that begin with initial breakdown pulses, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 445–460, doi:10.1002/2013JD020854.
Saba, M. M. F., C. Schumann, T. A. Warner, J. H. Helsdon Jr., W. Schulz, and R. E. Orville (2013), Bipolar cloud-to-ground lightning flash observations, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 11,098–11,106, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50804.
Stolzenburg, M., T. C. Marshall, S. Karunarathne, N. Karunarathna, T. A.Warner, and R. E. Orville (2013), Stepped-to-dart leaders preceding lightning return strokes, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50706.
Mazur, V., L. H. Ruhnke, T. A. Warner, and R. E. Orville (2013). Recoil leader formation and development, J. Electrostatics, 71(4), 763-768.
Stolzenburg, M., T. C. Marshall, S. Karunarathne, N. Karunarathna, L. E. Vickers, T. A. Warner, R. E. Orville and H.-D. Betz (2013), Luminosity of initial breakdown in lightning, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50276.
Campos, L. Z. S., M. M. F. Saba, T. A. Warner, O. Pinto Jr., E. P. Krider, and R. E. Orville (2013), High-speed video observations of natural cloud-to-ground lightning leaders – A statistical analysis, Atmospheric Research, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.12.011
Warner, T. A., K. L. Cummins, and R. E. Orville (2012), Upward lightning observations from towers in Rapid City, South Dakota and comparison with National Lightning Detection Network data, 2004–2010, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D19109, doi:10.1029/2012JD018346. (Download paper)
Warner, T. A. (2012), Observations of simultaneous upward lightning leaders from multiple tall structures, Atmos. Res., 117, 45–54, doi:10.1016/ j.atmosres.2011.07.004.
Stolzenburg, M., T. C. Marshall, S. Karunarathne, N. Karunarathna, T. A. Warner, R. E. Orville, and H.-D. Betz (2012), Strokes of upward illumination occurring within a few milliseconds after typical lightning return strokes, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D15203, doi:10.1029/2012JD017654.
Warner, T. A. (2011), Observations of simultaneous upward lightning leaders from multiple tall structures, Atmos. Res., 117, 45-54, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.07.004.
Warner, T. A., R. E. Orville, J. L. Marshall, and K. Huggins (2011), Spectral (600–1050 nm) time exposures (99.6 ms) of a lightning stepped leader, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D12210, doi:10.1029/2011JD015663.
Saba, M. M. F., W. Schulz, T. A. Warner, L. Z. S. Campos, C. Schumann, E. P. Krider, K. L. Cummins, and R. E. Orville (2010), High‐speed video observations of positive lightning flashes to ground, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D24201, doi:10.1029/2010JD014330.
Saba, M. M. F., K. L. Cummins, T. A. Warner, E. P. Krider, L. Z. S. Campos, M. G. Ballarotti, O. Pinto Jr., and S. A. Fleenor (2008), Positive leader characteristics from high-speed video observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07802, doi:10.1029/2007GL033000.
Warner, T. A., J. H. Helsdon Jr., and A. G. Detwiler (2003), Aircraft observations of a lightning channel in STEPS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(19), 1984, doi:10.1029/2003GL017334.
Presentations (presenter in bold)
Saba, M. M. F.,C. Schumann, T. A. Warner and R. E. Orville (2018) Do Positive Leaders Propagate in a Stepped Fashion?, International Conference on Grounding and Earthing & 8th International Conference on Lightning Physics and Effects, Brazil, May, 2018.
Schumann, C., M. M. F. Saba, M. A. S. Ferro, J. Souza, R. Albrecht, T. J. Lang, T. A. Warner, H. G. P. Hunt, J. Tilles, and R. Thomas (2018), Analysis of the Charge Distribution and Leaders Inside the Cloud for Upward Flashes Initiation, paper presented at the 25thInternational Lightning Detection Conference & 7thInternational Lightning Meteorology Conference, Mar 12 – 15, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
Warner, T. A., C. Schumann, M. M. F. Saba, A. Ballwebber, R. Lueck, J. H. Helsdon Jr., J. Tilles, R. Thomas, and R. E. Orville (2018), Upward Lightning Triggering Study (UPLIGHTS): Project Summary and Initial Findings, paper presented at the 25thInternational Lightning Detection Conference & 7thInternational Lightning Meteorology Conference, Mar 12 – 15, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
Schumann, C.,M. M. F. Saba, T. A. Warner, and M. A. S. Ferro (2017), Upward flashes triggering mechanisms, paper presented at the 2017 International Symposium on Lightning Protection (XIV SIPDA), Oct 2-6, Natal, Brazil.
Souza, J. C. S.,R. I. Albrecht, M. M. F. Saba (2017) Estudo das Tempestades que Geram Raios Ascendentes. In: XVIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, 2017, Santos, SP. XVIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, 2017.
Souza, J. C. S.,R. I. Albrecht, T. J. Lang, M. M. Saba, T. A. Warner and C. Schumann (2017), Electrical and Hydrometeor Structure of Thunderstorms that produce Upward Lightning, Abstract AE11A-06 presented at 2017 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 11 – 15 Dec.
Souza, J. C. S.,M. M. F. Saba, R. I. Albrecht (2016) Estudo das Tempestades que Geram Raios Ascendentes. In: XIX Congresso Brasileiro de Meteorologia, João Pessoa, PB. XIX Congresso Brasileiro de Meteorologia, 2016.
Schumann, C., M. M. F. Saba, A. R. de Paiva, M. A. da Silva Ferro, H. Kohlmann, W. Schulz, G. Diendorfer, T. A. Warner and J. H. Helsdon Jr. (2016), Charge transfer in natural negative and positive downward flashes, paper presented at the 2016 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Sept 25 – 30, Estoril, Portugal.
Schumann, C., M.M.F. Saba, R. B. G. da Silva, A. R. de Paiva, M. A. da Silva Ferro, T. A. Warner, R. I. Albrecht, J. Tilles, R. Thomas, and J. H. Helsdon Jr. (2016), Characteristics of positive cloud-to-ground flashes upward flashes in Rapid City-SD, paper presented at the 24nd International Lightning Detection Conference, Apr 18 – 19, San Diego, California.
Schumann, C., M. M. F. Saba, A. R. de Paiva, R. Jaques, W. Schulz, G. Diendorfer, M. A. da Silva Ferro, and T. A. Warner (2015), Analysis of terrain and atmospheric conditions for upward flashes in Sao Paulo-Brazil, paper presented at XIII International Symposium on Lightning Protection (SIPDA), Balneario Camboriu, Brazil, 28 Sep – 2 Oct.
Schumann, C., M. M. F. Saba, M. A. da Silva Ferro, T. A. Warner, A. R. de Paiva, C. Morales, R. Jaques and J. H. Helsdon Jr. (2015), Upward Lightning Flashes in Brazil and USA: An Analysis of Electric Field Meter Data, paper presented at 2015 Asia-Pacific International Conf. on Lightning (APL), Nagoya, Japan, June 23 – 27.
Schumann, C., M. M. F. Saba, M. A. da Silva Ferro, T. A. Warner, A. R. de Paiva, and R. Jaques (2014), Mechanism of Triggering Upward Lightning from Towers in São Paulo, Brazil, paper presented at the International Conference on Grounding and Earthing and 6th International Conference on Lightning Physics and Effects, Manaus, Brazil, May 2014.
Lyons, W. A., T. A. Warner, T. J. Lang, W. Rison, S. A. Cummer, M. Stanley, T. Ashcroft, K. Palivec, M. G. McHarg, J. Yue, T. Nelson and H. Edens (2015), Video and Photographic Investigations of Lightning and Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) during PhoCAL 2014, presented at the 7th Conference on the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Data, AMS, Jan 4 – 8, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Orville, R. E., T. A. Warner, and J. H. Helsdon Jr. (2014), UPLIGHTS Lightning Spectra: Negative CG from Horizontally Extensive IC Flash, Abstract AE24A-02, presented at 2014 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 15 – 19 Dec.
Tilles, J. N., R. J. Thomas, W. Rison, T. A. Warner, J. H. Helsdon Jr., and P. R. Krehbiel (2014), Charge structure comparison of thunderstorms that experience synoptic-scale vs. mesoscale forcing: UPLIGHTS, DC3 and NMT storms, Abstract AE13A-3359, presented at 2014 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 15 – 19 Dec.
Saba, M. M. F., C. Schumann, A. R. de Paiva, R. Jaques, H. M. Fraulob, M. A. da Silva Ferro, T. A. Warner (2014), On the occurrence of recoil leaders in negative upward flashes in Brazil, paper presented at the 2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Oct 13 – 17, Shanghai, China. (Note: data from Brazil only)
De Paiva, A. R., M. M. F. Saba, K. P. Naccarato, C. Schumann, R. Jaques, M. A. da Silva, and T. A. Warner (2014), Detection of Upward Lightning by Lightning Location Systems, paper presented at the 2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Oct 13 – 17, Shanghai, China. (Note: data from Brazil only)
Schumann C., M.M.F. Saba, Romão de Paiva, R. Jaques, M. A. da Silva Ferro, T. A. Warner, and J. H. Helsdon, Jr. (2014), Triggered Upward Flashes, paper presented at the 2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Oct 13 – 17, Shanghai, China.
Lyons, W. A., T.E. Nleson, T.A. Warner, A. Ballweber, R. Lueck, T.J. Lang, S.A. Cummer, M. Saba, C. Schumannn, K.L. Cummins, N. Beavis, S.A. Rudtledge, T.A. Samaras, P. Samaras and C. Young (2014), Large Scale Outbreaks of Thundersnow and Self-Initiated Upward Lightning (SIUL) During Two Blizzards, paper presented at the 23nd International Lightning Meteorology Conference, Mar 20 – 21, Tucson, Arizona.
Lyons, W. A., T.E. Nelson, T.A. Warner, T.J. Lang, K. Cummins, M. Quick, W. Rison, P. Krehbiel, S.A. Cummer, J. Myers, T. Samaras, P. Samaras, C. Young (2014), Meteorological Aspects of Two Modes of Lightning Triggered Upward Lightning (LTUL) Events in Sprite-Producing MCSs , paper presented at the 23nd International Lightning Detection Conference, Mar 18 – 19, Tucson, Arizona.
Rison, W., R. Thomas, P. Krehbiel, D. Rodeheffer, K. Cummins, M. Quick, J. Myers, T. Warner, M. Saba, C. Schumann, W. Lyons, T. Samaras, P. Samaras, C. Young, S. Cummer, G. Lu (2014), LMA and Slow Antenna Observations of Naturally Induced Upward Positive Leaders from Wind Turbines, paper presented at the 23nd International Lightning Detection Conference, Mar 18 – 19, Tucson, Arizona.
Cummins, K. L., M.G. Quick, J. Myers, W. Rison, R. Thomas, P. Krehbiel, D. Rodeheffer, T.A. Warner, M.M.F. Saba, C. Schumann, W. Lyons, G. McHarg, J. Engle, T. Samaras, P. Samaras, C. Young, A. Nag, J. Cramer, T. Turner, S.A. Cummer, G. Lu, (2014), Overview of the Kansas Windfarm 2013 Field Program, paper presented at the 23nd International Lightning Detection Conference, Mar 18 – 19, Tucson, Arizona.
Schumann, C., M.M.F. Saba, M.A.S. Ferro, T. A. Warner, A. Romão de Paiva, R. Jaques (2014), Characteristics of Upward Flashes in Brazil, paper presented at the 23nd International Lightning Detection Conference, Mar 18 – 19, Tucson, Arizona.
Lyons, W. A., T. Nelson, T.A. Warner, S.A. Cummer, M. Stanley, P. Krehbiel, B. Rison, N. Beavis, S. Rutledge, T. Lang, S. Miller, T. Ashcraft, J. Yue, K. Cummins, T. Samaras, P. Samaras, C. Young (2014), The CMCN, iCMCs, NLDN, LLTVs, HSIs, TLEs, SP+CGs, LMAs, SIULs, LTULs, DSLRs, NPP, DNB, CGGWs and PhOCAL: New Insights in Exploring Thunderstorm Effects, paper presented at the 23nd International Lightning Detection Conference, Mar 18 – 19, Tucson, Arizona.
Ballweber, A. J. (2013), A Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Upward Triggered Lightning, Abstract AE12A-05 presented at 2013 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 9 – 13 Dec.
Lueck, R., J. H. Helsdon, and T. A. Warner (2013), Dual-Polarization Radar Observations of Upward Lightning-Producing Storms, Abstract AE13A-0330 presented at 2013 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 9 – 13 Dec.
Lyons, W. A., T. E. Nelson, S. A. Cummer, T. J. Lang, S. D. Miller, N. Beavis, J. Yue, T. A. Warner, T. Ashcraft and T. M. Samaras (2013), High Speed Intensified Video Observations of TLEs in Support of PhOCAL, Abstract AE32A-01 presented at 2013 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif. 9 – 13 Dec.
Orville, R. E., and T. A. Warner (2013), Positive Flash High-Speed Spectral Characteristics in the Upward Lightning Triggering Study (UPLIGHTS), Abstract AE13B-0341 presented at 2013 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif. 9 – 13 Dec.
Stolzenburg, M., T. C. Marshall, S. Karunarathne, N. Karunarathne, T. A. Warner, and R. E. Orville (2013), Stepped-to-dart Leaders in Cloud-to-ground Lightning, Abstract AE12A-01 presented at 2013 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 9 – 13 Dec.
Warner, T. A., M. M. F. Saba, Carina Schumann, and R. E. Orville (2013), Upward Lightning in Rapid City, South Dakota, USA, Dean’s Seminar Series, Jan 17, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.
Warner, T. A., M. M. F. Saba, R. E. Orville, K. L. Cummins, and W. A. Lyons (2013), Differences in Positive and Negative Lightning Leader Appearance and Behavior as Observed by High-Speed Camera, invited presented at the 6th Conference on the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Data, Jan 7 – 10, Austin, TX, USA.
Warner, T. A., M. M. F. Saba, S. Rudge, M. Bunkers, W. A. Lyons, and R. E. Orville, (2012), Lightning-triggered upward lightning from towers in Rapid City, South Dakota, paper presented at the 22nd International Lightning Detection Conference, Apr 2 – 3, Boulder, Colorado.
Warner, T. A., M. M. F. Saba, and R. E. Orville (2012), Characteristics of Upward Leaders from Tall Towers, paper presented at the 22nd International Lightning Detection Conference, Apr 2 – 3, Boulder, Colorado.
Warner, T. A., K. L. Cummins, and R. E. Orville (2011), Comparison of upward lightning observations from towers in Rapid City, South Dakota with National Lightning Detection Network data. XIV International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Aug 8-12, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. (M. Saba presenter)
Warner, T. A., K. L. Cummins, and R. E. Orville (2011), Comparison of upward lightning observations from towers in Rapid City, South Dakota with National Lightning Detection Network data – preliminary findings. 3rd International Symposium on Winter Lightning, Jun 13-15, Tokyo, Japan.
Warner T. A., W. A. Lyons, S. A. Cummer, T. J. Lang and T. E. Nelson (2011), Coordinated video and RF measurements of positive CGs inducing both sprites and upward tower discharges, 5th Conf. on the Met. Appl. of Lightning Data, AMS Annual Meeting, Jan 22-27, Seattle, WA.
Lyons, W. A., T. A. Warner, S. A. Cummer, T. J. Lang, and R. E. Orville (2010), Ongoing Explorations of Exceptional Lightning Discharges in Several Meteorological Regimes, AGU Fall Meeting, Abstract AE14A-08.
Orville, R. E. and Warner, T. A. (2010), High-speed spectral observations of a lightning negative stepped leader, AGU Fall Meeting, Abstract AE23A-04.
Stolzenburg M., T. C. Marshall, T. A. Warner, R. E. Orville, H. Betz, R. Gebauer, S. Karunarathne and L. Vickers (2010), Correlated High-speed Video and Multi-frequency Electromagnetic Observations of Lightning, AGU Fall Meeting, Abstract AE33A-0271.
Warner, T. A., (2010), Observations of simultaneous multiple upward leaders from tall sturctures, International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Cagliari, Italy.*
Warner, T. A., (2010), Upward leader development from tall towers in response to downward stepped leaders, International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Cagliari, Italy.
Warner, T. A., and R. E. Orville (2009), High-speed observations of faint positive lightning leaders and lightning spectra, Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract AE41A-02.
Warner, T. A., V. Mazur, and L. Ruhnke (2008), High-Speed Video Observations of Upward Leaders from Tall Towers, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract AE21A-08.